Skema Answer Manufacturing Proces 2

FACULTI OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG BMM3643 (Sem II 2012/13) Assignment #2 1. a) Define the various regimes of cold working,warm working,and hot working in terms of the melting point of the material being formed. b) Indicate some of the advantages of cold working relative to warm and hot working. c) What are some of the negative aspects of hot working? (8 marks) Answer a) The temperatures required for hot working generally exceed 0. 6 times the melting point of the material on an absolute temperature scale.Cold working generally requires temperatures below 0. 3 times the melting point, and warm working is the transition region, between 0. 3 and 0. 6 times the melting point. b) Advantages of cold working are; i) better accuracy, ii) better surface finish, iii) increased strength due to work hardening, iv) possible directional properties due to grain flow, and v) no heating of work required. c) Disadvantages associated with hot working involve the reactions whi ch may be promoted by elevated temperature, such as rapid oxidation.Tolerances are poorer and the metallurgical structure will be nonuniform if the amount of deformation or thermal history varies throughout the product. 2. a) What is the difference between open-die and impression-die forging? b) Explain the reasons why the flash assists in die filling, especially in hot forging. c) Why are heated dies generally employed in hot-press forging operations? (8 marks) Answer a) Open-die forging does not confine the flow of metal in all directions, so the final shape is dependent upon the manipulation and skill of the equipment operator.Impression-die forging operations confine metal flow in all directions to provide good repeatable control of size and shape. b) The flash is excess metal which is squeezed out from the die cavity into the outer space between the two dies. The flash cools faster than the material in the cavity due to the high a/h ratio and the more intimate contact with the relatively cool dies. Consequently, the flash has higher strength than the hotter workpiece in the die cavity and, with higher frictional resistance in the flash gap, provides greater resistance to material flow outward through the flash gap.Thus, the flash encourages filling of complex die cavities. c) Heated dies are usually employed in press forging because the long time of die contact with the hot workpiece would otherwise permit considerable surface cooling and could produce cracking of the surface. 3. d) List some of the products produced on a rolling mill. e) In rolling of steel, what are the differences between a bloom, a slab, and a billet? f) Rolling may be described as a continuous forging operation. Is this description appropriate? Explain. (8 marks) Answer ) Rolled products include flat sheet and plate stock, round bar and rod stock, rails, structural shapes such as Ibeams and channels. b) A bloom is a rolled steel workpiece with a square cross section of about 150 mm b y 150 mm. The starting work unit for a bloom is an ingot heated in a soaking pit. A slab is rolled from an ingot or a bloom and has a rectangular cross section of about 250 mm by 40 mm. A billet is rolled from a bloom and has a square cross section of about 40 mm by 40 mm. c) This is a good analogy. Consider the situation of forging a block to a thinner cross section through ncrements (as in incremental forming). As the number of stages increases, the operation eventually approaches that of the strip profile in rolling. 4. g) Distinguish between direct and indirect extrusion. h) What is centerburst defect? How would you go about preventing centerburst defects in extrusion? i) What are some of the attractive features of the extrusion process? (8 marks) Answer a) In direct extrusion, also known as forward extrusion, a metal billet is loaded into a container, and a ram compresses the material, forcing it to flow through a die opening at the opposite end of the container.In indirect ext rusion, also known as backward extrusion, the die is incorporated into the ram, and as the ram compresses into the metal billet, the metal is forced to flow through the die opening in a direction that is opposite (backwards) of the ram motion. b) Centerburst defects are attributed to a state of hydrostatic tensile stress at the centerline of the deformation zone in the die. The two major variables affecting hydrostatic tension are the die angle and extrusion ratio.These defects can be reduced or eliminated by lowering the die angle, because this increases the contact length for the same reduction and thereby increases the deformation zone. Similarly, a higher extrusion ratio also increases the size and depth of the deformation zone, and thus will reduce oreliminate the formation of these cracks. c) The extrusion process offers a number of attractive features. Almost any crosssectional shape can be extruded, including many that could not be achieved by rolling. Size limitations are f ew. No draft is required, and the amount of reduction in a single step is limited only by the capacity of the quipment. Frequently only one die is required for a product. Because only a single die change is required to change products, small production quantities are economically feasible. Dimensional tolerances are quite good. 5. j) What is wire drawing and bar drawing? k) Why are multiple passes usually required in wire-drawing operations? l) Name the important process variables in drawing, and explain how they affect the drawing process. (8 marks) Answer a) Wire and bar drawing are bulk deformation processes in which the cross section of a wire or bar is reduced by pulling (drawing) it through a die opening. ) Because the reduced section of material is subjected to tensile loading in the wire drawing process, the possible reduction is limited by the onset of fracture. In order to affect any significant change in size, multiple draws are usually required. c) The important variable s include: * Yield stress, Y ; it directly affects the draw stress and die life. * Die angle, ?. The die angle in the deformation zone affects the redundant work; in the entry area, the die angle is important for encouraging lubricant entrainment. * Friction coefficient, ?. The friction coefficient affects the frictional component of work and, hence, the draw stress. Reduction in area. As described, there is a limit to the reduction in area that canbe achieved in drawing. * Lubrication condition. Effective lubrication reduces friction, but also may lead to a rough surface due to the orange peel effect. 6. m) Estimate the roll force and power for annealed low-carbon steel strip 200 mm wide and 10 mm thick, rolled to a thickness of 6 mm. The roll radius is 200 mm, and the roll rotates at 200 rpm. Let ? = 0. 1. n) Plot the force vs. reduction in height curve in open-die forging of a solid cylindrical, annealed copper specimen 2 in. high and 1 in. n diameter, up to a reduction of 70%, f or the cases of (a) no friction between the flat dies and the specimen, (b) ? = 0. 25, and (c) ? = 0. 5. Ignore barreling and use average-pressure formulas. (Given : For annealed copper we have K = 315 MPa = 46,000 psi and n = 0. 54) Answer a) The roll force can be estimated as below; L=R? h=2004=28. 3 and have=10+62=8 mm From Table 2. 3 on p. 37, K = 530 MPa and n = 0. 26. The strain is ? =ln106=0. 5108 The average yield stress can be obtained from Eq. (2. 60) on p. 71 as Y=K? n+1n+1=530(0. 5108)1. 261. 26=180 MPa and Y'=(1. 15)Y=180 MPa Therefore, F=L?Y'1+? L2have =0. 02830. 2(207)1+0. 1(28. 3)2(8) =1. 38 MN The power per roll is given by; P = ? FLN60,000=? (1. 38 ? 106)(0. 0283)(200)60,000 or P = 409 kW. b) For annealed copper we have K = 315 MPa = 46,000 psi and n = 0. 54. The flow stress is Yf=(315 MPa)? 0. 54 where the absolute value of the strain is ?=lnhoh From volume constancy, we have ?4r2ho=? 4r2h or r=ro2hoh Note that = 0. 5 in and ho = 2 in. The forging force is given a s: F=Yf1+2? r3h(? r2) Some of the points on the curves are the following: % Red. | Forging Force, MN| | ? = 0| ? = 0. 25| ? = 0. 5| 10| 0. 053| 0. 055| 0. 058|

The Worst Sinner in the Scarlet Letter

The Worst Sinner in The Scarlet Letter In The Scarlet Letter there are three main sinners presented to the reader. Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale and Roger Chillingworth are all written with their own forms of sin, and each has a unique coping mechanism for their sins and guilt. Sin, at this time, was a hugely important part of daily life, and punishment for one’s sins was universally seen as not only a positive thing, but a necessary action to keep the people of the colony pure. Both Hester and Dimmesdale receive great punishments for their sin of adultry.However, one character is portrayed as a true sinner, more so than the others. Roger Chillingworth is by far the worst sinner in The Scarlet Letter. This is made apparent by his many attempts to harm Dimmesdale mentally and spiritually, and more importantly his complete lack of remorse for his actions. It is this absence of guilt for his sin that shows that he is a sinner much worse than any other character in the book. Ro ger Chillingworth is Hester Prynne’s husband in the novel, though this is kept secret from the townspeople through the end of the book.He, upon arriving and seeing his wife upon the scaffold, vows to take revenge on the man whom Hester committed her sin. Though he chooses to leave Hester to suffer the punishment given to her, his hatred towards her is never hidden. Chillingworth attaches himself to Dimmesdale upon seeing his grief, in hopes of discovering who the father of Hester’s child is. And once realizing it is Dimmesdale, Chillingworth proceeds to continually torment Dimmesdale as his personal revenge and punishment, to the point of making Dimmesdale ill even further beyond his original grief-stricken depleted health.He does this with no regret or compassion towards the man he torments, nor any recognition for his actions as sinful. As the novel progresses, he takes on an almost evil nature, having no feelings whatsoever save for those of loathing towards Hester and Dimmesdale. Guilt is the thing left completely absent from Roger Chillingworth’s character, and it is this lack that defines him. (â€Å"Summary†) Biblically, guilt is defined in several ways. The Hebrew word asam is used biblically, and means both â€Å"guilt† and â€Å"guilt offering. The Bible says that asam is a part of debt unto one’s neighbor, which can be physical debt or, frequently, sins against others. This asam is a necessary part of sin, and in its absence is sin in itself. This is one of the largest pieces of evidence of Chillingworth’s sin, as he feels no guilt, nor gives any guilt offering unto those whom he has sinned against. Asam is a guilt which we must make amends for, which in Chillingworth’s case, no attempt to do so was made. â€Å"The legislation in Leviticus 5:14-6:7 and Numbers 5:5-10 makes this special quality of asam clear.When someone incurs â€Å"guilt† toward a neighbor, full restitution must be ma de, plus an extra fifth. And then, in addition, a â€Å"guilt offering† must be made to the Lord, because when we sin against others and incur â€Å"indebtedness† to them, we violate the order that God prescribes for his world and his people, and have thus incurred a debt toward him also. † (Motyer) Chillingworth’s sin is also worse than the others’ due simply to the nature of his sins. Adultery is a sin of passion, a lustful passion.Though adultry is one of the biblical Ten Commandments (Bible), in the case of The Scarlet Letter it is a crime committed in a moment, and regretted thereafter by the two involved. Both Hester Prynne and Arthur Dimmesdale pay penance for their sin, in each their own form, from the day that it happens. Hester is pained with guilt for months, and once her child is visible she is imprisoned, and later forced to become a symbol of sin to the entire community for years to come, publicly putting her shame on display.Dimmesdal e is plagued by the same guilt as Hester, but because he is not discovered publicly is tormented spiritually and mentally. He begins to physically punish himself, and his regret and guilt weigh so heavily that they make his physically ill for years. Roger Chillingworth’s sin, however, was not in an instant. His was calculated, drawn out, and committed with malice towards both Dimmesdale and Hester for years on end.He tormented Dimmesdale psychologically for years, and drained what little life Dimmesdale had in him out slowly and intentionally. He felt no guilt for these sins, nor was he ever punished for them in life. â€Å"Certainly, if the meteor kindled up the sky, and disclosed the earth, with an awfulness that admonished Hester Prynne and the clergyman of the day of judgment, then might Roger Chillingworth have passed with them for the arch-fiend, standing there, with a smile and scowl, to claim his own.So vivid was the expression, or so intense the minister's perceptio n of it, that it seemed still to remain painted on the darkness, after the meteor had vanished, with an effect as if the street and all things else were at once annihilated† (Hawthorne. Chapter 12. ) This passage shows the reader the malevolent nature that Chillingworth begins to take on in the novel, seeming almost inhuman in his unwavering hatred for Dimmesdale, and the torture he inflicts upon him. Once again his lack of remorse is expressed plainly for the reader.The themes of sin and revenge in The Scarlet Letter are made prominent and clear, as Hawthorne tends to express every theme in the novel. The two are closely tied together in the case of Roger Chillingworth. In The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne shows that at the time of the novel, sin was an extremely important role in everyday life, especially in a Puritan society such as the one in the novel. Sin is something that everyone believes must be punished, in this life if at all possible, as well as in the next.In the case of old Roger Chillingworth, his sin was not punished in his worldly life, which leads us to believe that divine retribution in the next will be even greater for him than the book’s other sinners. The Black man is used in this book to mean the devil, and it is made clear that doing the bidding of the Black Man, or essentially doing things against God’s bidding, puts a mark on one’s soul that carries into the next life. (â€Å"Sin†) Here is where the concept ties into revenge.This implied mark on the soul is expressed in the theme of revenge in the book. Roger Chillingworth, in his pursuit of revenge on Arthur Dimmesdale, receives a mark on his soul which twists him into a force of evil- a more serious effect than the sins of any other character in the book. Hawthorne expresses here both his own views, as well as the popular view of the time, that a sin committed out of the type of hatred which Chillingworth exhibits, is a tool of the devil, and in itself causes a change in humans into something more sinister.It is this sentiment which is so clearly shown in Chillingworth’s increasingly hideous appearance, and the dehumanization of his character into an instrument solely of spiteful revenge. (â€Å"Revenge†) Throughout The Scarlet Letter, it is made abundantly clear what view the reader is intended to take of Roger Chillingworth. Consumed by his sin, he is permanently altered into an evil spirit for the acts of vengeance he has pursued. This condemnation Hawthorne describes expresses without a doubt to the reader that Chillingworth’s sin is far worse than that of the remorseful and solemn Hester Prynne and Arthur Dimmesdale.Who, though sinned greatly and were punished, were in the end favored in the eyes of the Puritan community and quite possibly in the eyes of God as people who knew and repented their sins, and were therefore forgiven. It is clear that Roger Chillingworth is the only character deeply changed en ough for the worse to be considered a sinner of any damning proportion, and is made out to be the worst sinner of any character in The Scarlet Letter. Work Cited: Nathaniel Hawthorne. , and DeMaiolo, James F.The Scarlet Letter. New York: Applause, 1996. Print. Motyer, Stephen. â€Å"Guilt. † BibleStudyTools. com. Salem Communications Corporations, 1997. Web. 19 Nov. 2012. â€Å"The Scarlet Letter Theme of Sin. † Shmoop. Shmoop University, Inc. , 2012. Web. 19 Nov. â€Å"The Scarlet Letter Theme of Revenge. † Shmoop. Shmoop University, Inc. , 2012. Web. 19 Nov. â€Å"The Scarlet Letter Summary. † Shmoop. Shmoop University, Inc. , 2012. Web. 19 Nov. 2012. The Holy Bible. 2nd ed. New York: American Bible Society, 1992. Print.

International Marketing Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International Marketing - Coursework Example d Fitch is among the organizations that have sought to venture into the international market, most notably in Europe, where different brands are made available in numerous outlets. For instance, the A&F brand is made available by the company through the experiential marketing policy, in which much emphasis is put on the sales outlets that are tasked with showcasing the brand values. This approach is seen as ideal in enabling the brand have a competitive edge over those provided by its competitors, since the brand offers the consumer a significant experience, as well as creating a brand community (Powers and Loyka, 2010). The company uses in-store experience as the marketing vehicle. Enhancing the product competitiveness and the general organizational profitability involves carrying out a situational analysis, where the company creates a clear knowledge of the respective markets, and eventually evaluates its importance for the company as well as for the other markets where the business operates. International business environment is more dynamic, competitive and complex, hence the need for the management to be knowledgeable of both the immediate situations and the potential impacts of the effected changes in the business area. The European market explored by the Abercrombie and Fitch Company could exhibit various similarities and dissimilarities, hence the need for the company to understand the implications and linkages of the marketing strategy changes in its brand operations. Modern companies have realized the need to target particular customers, since they cannot appeal to all buyers. The buyers are widely scattered and have varying needs and buying behaviors, making it inevitable for the companies to adopt different practices that include segmentation, differentiation, and positioning, in order to satisfy the specific customer needs and ensure their competitiveness and profitability in the market. The segmentation of A&F brand must take into consideration

Hunter S. Thompson and American Counter culture Essay

Hunter S. Thompson and American Counter culture - Essay Example Thompson a representative of the American counter culture. This question is answered and information and current literature is presented to support the answer. Hunter Stockton Thompson was born in Louisville Kentucky in 1937. Thompson grew up in the Cherokee Triangle neighborhood. and attended Louisville Male High School there and lived with his parents, Jack and Virginia and two brothers, Dawson and James. His father's death left the three boys to be brought up by their mother. Thompson's mother was a heavy drinker and Thompson experienced a troubled youth. He was a troubled boy and even had problems with the law at any early age. "Thompson's difficult youth, and its influence on his behavior and the development of his misanthropic worldview, has not received significant literary exploration." (Wikipedia 2005) It has been said of Hunter S. Thompson that he was a 'bad' influence of the best kind. Ernest Hemingway said a writer needs a BS detector and Thompson had one of the most finely tuned BS detectors of all time. Hunter continued to write until he took his own life in February of 2005. 193. He had several nicknames including Doctor, Gonzo and Raoul Duke. The name Raul Duke spawned from the character of Duke in Gary Trudeau's comic strip Doonesbury that was modeled after Thompson. Thompson changed the world of journalism and his unique and subjective style of writing was coined Gonzo journalism. In fact he is routinely mentioned with the age of new journalism due to his unique and abrasive style of writing. It is also extremely rare to see Thompson's name and not see it credited with American counterculture. There I nary an instance where you will see Thompson's name and not see Gonzo or counterculture. That is how influential and powerful his writing style was and how strong his messag es were conveyed in his writing through his writing style. Thompson had more than a unique and one of a kind writing style. His persona was eccentric and his trademark look was that he always had a cigarette holder in his mouth, with yellow/orange aviator glasses and Hawaiian shirts with khaki or camo pants. Everything about Thompson from his writing style to his character set him apart from everyone else. His biography describes him as "The American journalist". This is due largely to his contribution t American counterculture He was known as one of the best examples of "Gonzo" journalism because of His political and cultural criticism of the United States in the 1970s was largely a series of tales flowing from his eccentric personality and adventures. (Bookragsd.com 2005)It was after his troubled youth that he joined the Air Force, where the two major tendencies in his life were soon revealed: writing and outrageous behavior. (Bookrags.com 2005) Stationed in Florida, he became a sports reporter for the base newspaper. In 1958 he received a dishonorable discharge after an officer claimed his disregard for military dress and authority was having a bad influence on other airmen. After being fired from jobs with a small New York newspaper and TIME magazine, Thompson went to Puerto Rico and wrote briefly for a bowling magazine." (Wikipedia 2005) Thompson and everything he wrote epitomized American counterculture. "Thompson lived, wrote, and ultimately died of his own terms. " (Gaudette February

The Major Effects of the Recent Japanese Earthquake and Tsunami on the Essay

The Major Effects of the Recent Japanese Earthquake and Tsunami on the Wold Economy - Essay Example This study aims at gaining insights into the impacts of Japanese tsunami and earthquake upon the global economy especially the East Asia (Isidore, 2011). The Main Focus It is noted that Japan was facing certain kinds of structural pressures before the earthquake and the tsunami took place. The main problem with the country was related to the ageing workforce and the nonexistence of the immigration of the workers for long-term. It is the workforce growth that can lead to the economic growth of the country and thus Japan was facing the problem of slow growth potential in the near future. The country also is also facing the burden of heavy public debt in the industrial world. The immediate recovery of Japan after such disaster took place has been an issue of concern. However, it can be noted that Japan has been one of the wealthiest countries; moreover, the country’s government along with the households and the businesses have the necessary resources to rebuild and thus recover f rom such disasters. In the country of Japan, since the nuclear plant was damaged to a great extent, therefore it was expected that the transportation system, as well as the infrastructure, would interrupt the flow of the gasoline, oil, water and other inputs into the process of production. When such disruption takes place, then it affects the other industries such as manufacturing and services as well. It was further expected that the economy of Japan in the second quarter of 2011 would contract. However, it was further predicted that the country’s situation would show certain improvements in the third and the fourth quarter of the year 2011 because of the restructuring efforts made by the government through its spending (Beckman, 2011). The above paragraph has been related to the impact of the Japanese earthquake and tsunami on the country of Japan. However, now it is quite significant to understand the impact of such disasters on the overall world economy. 7 percent of the world’s output is contributed by Japan. However, the main point to be noted in this regard is that its contribution towards the growth of the overall economy has been quite less. The reason behind this is that of the trade surpluses in Japan. It has been expected by the analysts that the global economy would surely expand at a rapid pace by more than 3 percent in 2011. When the broad global (Gross Domestic Product) GDP is taken into consideration, then it can be mentioned that the effects of such disasters seem to be minimum. However, some of the countries may face the impact of such earthquakes and tsunamis of Japan in their countries. It has been evident that in Asia most of the countries depend upon Japan so that they can keep their plants operating. This can be explained with the help of an example. South Korea imports around 25 percent of the industrial parts from Japan. Therefore, if there is a long-term delay in the shipment of the goods from Japan, then it might affec t the production as well as the economic growth of that particular country. It was further apparent that the developing countries in the continent such as Latin America had indirect effects via wider impacts upon the global economic growth. Latin America does not have much of the trade links with Japan since China’s presence is increasing in the region. Latin America exports less than three percent of its total export sales to Japan.  

Mate choice & plumage polymorphism in the feral pigeon (Columba livia) Essay

Mate choice & plumage polymorphism in the feral pigeon (Columba livia) - Essay Example Assortative mating is a process where two similar or dissimilar individuals mate where as Disassortative mating involves choosing of a partner for progeny benefits from the range of the parental genotypes. Aim of this paper is to evaluate the association of plumage polymorphism and mate choice in feral pigeons using Chi-square test. In particular, this paper analyzes the plumage colour preference as either dependent or independent in the mating process of the male and female feral pigeons. If the pigeons choose their partner in harmony with plumage colour then it is defined as dependent pairing and if they choose their partner without considering colour then it is independent pairing with respect to plumage colours. The purpose of the study is to understand feral pigeon’s plumage based mating increases the reproductive output and extend their lifespan which are also based on environmental conditions. The colour categories used for this study are melanic, blue-grey and other colours including pale/brown pigeons. â€Å"The other colours noted in feral pigeons are faded, pale, reduced, opal, indigo, milky, pearl eye and more.† (Miller 1997). The research on feral pigeons plumage based mating is carried as described in academic handbook using Chi-square test of independence. Chi-square test of independence tests the association between two definite variables. Colour of males’ plumage and colours of females’ plumage are the variables used in this test. The result (χ2) is then looked up on a Chi-square (χ2) table with a number of degrees of freedom (df). â€Å"We determine df for the Test of Independence by the formula df = (r-1)(c-1), where r = the number of rows and c = the number of columns.† (Yount 2006, p.6). â€Å"Chi-squared distribution table.† (The chi-squared distribution table, n.d.). ‘Expected Value’ Calculation: Using the ratios (relative frequencies) of three colour morphs in observed population, the expected values

Facebook Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Facebook - Essay Example Business, marketing, advertising, politics etc are some segments in which facebook contributed heavily to the global public apart from providing instant communication opportunities. The recent political developments in Arab world are believed to be stimulated by facebook. In fact the current Arab revolution is referred as facebook revolution. â€Å"The dictator of Tunisia was overthrown in less than one month after being in power for 23 years. There is no question about how opponents of his regime were able to topple it. Two words describe it: Facebook, Twitter†. In Libya also facebook contributed heavily for the expulsion of Gadhafi. In short, the influence of facebook over human life is growing day by day. â€Å"Facebook was founded in 2004 by a former-Harvard student Mark Zuckerberg†. He has also pointed out that â€Å"facebook and its idea spread across the college campus within months from launching and at present it is the second largest social networking site, s econd only to my space as far as traffic is concerned†. The founding of facebook has raised some controversies about the ownership of the idea of facebook. Mark Zuckerberg was accused of stealing the idea of his college roommates and fellow computer science students. Anyway, it is a fact that in early 2003 itself, the idea of creating a social network was in the mind of Zuckerberg. In fact he has started another social network Buddy Zoo in 2003 itself with the help of some of his close friends. In January 2004, Zuckerberg started writing the source codes of facebook and on February 4, he launched Thefacebook. In 2005, the name Thefacebook has been changed to Facebook. Controversies regarding the founding of facebook Former Harvard classmates Cameron Winklevoss and Tyler Winklevoss claim that Zuckerberg stole their idea for a social networking site whilst he was employed by them to assist with the sites development, the site in question being connectu.com. They filed a lawsuit as early as 2004 but the case was dismissed in March 2007, although it was quickly re-filed in Boston, eventually Facebook settled the case for $65m (Ryankette, 2011). Still there are many stories spreading about the stealing of this idea by Zuckerberg. â€Å"After Facebook announced the settlement, but before the settlement was finalized, lawyers for the Winklevosses suggested that the hard drive from Mark Zuckerberg's computer at Harvard might contain evidence of Mark's fraud†(Carlson, 2010). Critics label him as a cheat. It should be noted that besides Zuckerberg, there three co-founders for facebook; Dustin Moskovitz, Eduardo Saverin, and Chris Hughes. In short, the disputes about the ownership of the idea of facebook created lot of negative publicity to facebook. What made Facebook a success today? According to Shih (2009), â€Å"right this moment at least 150000000 people are interacting with friends and talking about the brands on facebook†(Shih, 2009, p.i). The success of facebook primarily lies in its ability to attract business people towards it. Business has realised the potentials of facebook quickly in conducting its marketing campaigns successfully. Facebook users normally share their ideas and opinions about the new products they might have purchased recently and this type of publicity is even better than word of mouth publicity for business people. So they have shown increased interests in posting marketing ads in facebook which helped facebook to grow considerably. Marketers can make use of targeted ads to reach specific segments of customers using facebook and that also with a minimal spending for advertising. Facebook ads are more effective and cheaper than other

Take Home Final for Information Assurance and Management Class Research Paper

Take Home Final for Information Assurance and Management Class - Research Paper Example This process ensures evaluation of venerable threat to the company, a system is developed where the threats are usually eliminated (Steven 3). A large company needs a system that provides assurances from the top down because the top management hold most of the crucial information and this makes them more venerable compared to other workers. A system should be created that seek, to protect and minims available threat among top management this is because of, crucial information that the person holding these offices have. For example it would be of relevance’s to have a top-down system in World Bank, where IA practitioner usually makes sure that, the higher the offices the more threats are posed and should be evaluated most, compared to a junior employee who is a clerical officer and would not be having any crucial information that poses as any threat. The CEO of such a company should be placed in a system that gives assurance protection of all his working with a third party, thi s is because he/she is the central nerve of the company (Cook 6). If a company was small in size, I would go for same level type of assurances, because it would be possible to have assurances in the same at all levels considering the size; this would be facilitated by the fact that; supervising small companies is easier compared to big companies. Take the example of the World bank, it has a lot of departments and its work forces is huge making it impossible to have the same assurances at all levels. A baseline set of IT assets They are two types of data IT that need to be incorporated into the shop this is; authorized asset data and deployed asset data. Authorized asset data should be set up in the shop, to record all activities of purchasing, selling and storing goods. The shop does not have any system that records activities that take place in the shop. This makes the owner venerable from loss of information; the only storage of activities that have taken place, is the ownerâ€⠄¢s brain and is likely to forget. This process authorized asset data, gathers all information and records it in a backed up storage for future references, it’s also used to make sure all transactions are accounted for and they can be tracked down easily (Roger 2). Deployed asset data are a process of collecting information, this process is actually in use in the shop but it’s not properly used, this is because the camera system placed in the shop doesn’t have a recording backup capability, it's only used for surveillances. Being a shop that is very vulnerable to be attacked, strategic positioning and recording cameras should be placed inside and outside the shop to enable monitoring of movement around the shop 24/7 to ensure maximum security. The owner cannot be the security officer at the same type sell jewels; he should employ a security person. The risks that are coming out in this shop are; breakage at night and organized gangs posing as customers during da y time. On the threat of breakage at night, the owner should employ a security officer who should take care of the shop, because the jewels are leaving them at night are likely to be an easy target when they is no one to look over them. Placing a security guard at the entrances, should be of ability to make sure all of the people who are entering the shop don’t carry any weapon of try to steal by pretending they are buying (Fowler 3). Tailored information assurance framework Question 2 Classification

(Economics) Explain, using appropriate diagrams, how markets function Essay

(Economics) Explain, using appropriate diagrams, how markets function and the mechanisms which bring about an equilibrium price. To what extent do u you agree w - Essay Example A market system is necessary to convey the decisions made by buyers and sellers of products and resources". Independent economies and enterprise organizations form a private sector, and the state forms public sector. In spite of the fact that the market is self-regulated, the state takes measures on its regulation: establishes a marginal level of the prices for the certain goods and services, a minimum level of wages, limits a competition in the separate markets, etc. Buyers forms demand for the goods and services. Hence, constantly increasing needs form the demand. In the economic theory there is a standard definition of demand. Demand is ability and desire to purchase goods and services. It is influenced with some factors (non-price factors): tastes and preferences of consumers, quantity of buyers in the market, the prices for the goods-substitutes, and a level of income of buyers, consumer expectations concerning the future prices, income and presence of goods. The price of the goods and quantity of demand for these goods are inversely proportional quantities. Economists name this the law of demand. That is the higher the price of the product, the less the consumer will demand with other things being equal. Manufacturers make the goods and services, which they consider it is possible to sale in the market. Set of commodity producers provides to people the satisfaction of their solvent demand, that is forms the supply. The supply is desire and ability of manufacturers to give the goods for sale in the market. Ability to give the goods is connected with use of the limited resources, which are not always enough to satisfy needs of all people. Thus, the supply is a quantity of the goods and services, which a seller wishes and able to sell. That is the law of supply states, the higher the price, the larger the quantity supplied, all other things constant. Thus, in the market, on the one hand, there are

How Coca-Cola Became a World Acknowledged Brand Assignment

How Coca-Cola Became a World Acknowledged Brand - Assignment Example He explains that a good marketing strategy includes caring about the customers’ values, understanding their necessities, as well as continued advertising. Caring, according to him, includes the ability to respect and care about target consumers' time. The consumers regard their time to be valid and generally avoid selling strategies that are cumbersome and hence, time consuming (Scotsman 2006). At the very same, Scotsman believes that gaining an understanding of the demands of prospective clients as well as getting an in-depth knowledge of their needs is essential. It also requires some qualitative as well as quantitative research. (Scotsman, 2006) Scotsman also emphasizes that a relevant marketing campaign centralizes on consistency. He says that despite the fact that marketing consistently is expensive, but in the long run, it is capable of yielding a greater return in profits. The management only needs to invest on marketing and exercise patience until their efforts bear th e expected fruit. (Scotsman, 2006) There are two marketing strategies primarily; the push promotional strategy revolves around the different direct selling approaches deployed by the marketing team. Examples include decorative packaging, door-to-door selling, etc. On the contrary, pull strategy includes evoking motivation in the customers to seek out a particular brand’s product, for example offering sales discounts, mass media promotion, as well as making efforts to retain current customers and avoid threats like attrition. With the advent of Internet technology, new business models or sites such as business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-consumer (B2C), have emerged which require the employment of different marketing strategies... This essay analyzes that the strategy formulators should bear in mind a picture of the environment where they plan to execute their strategy and ensure its consistency with the traditional values, beliefs, and practices of that society. Coca Cola successfully shapes its strategies to attend to the values of the region whose audiences it intends to procure the attendance of. As marketing strategy need continual reviewing and revisiting with time, Coca-Cola ensures that it aligns the message within its advertisements to suit the needs and preferences of the people and give them the soothing feeling that the brand provides them just what they desire.Marketing is of significance not only for the large, powerful corporations like Coca-Cola that reign the market, but even the limited budget partnerships and other small-scale companies. It enables an organization to gain recognition amongst the public and create awareness about their offerings. As considered in the case of Coca-Cola, it wou ld not have been as wanted as it is, had it not been for the advertising campaigns which are its foundation. Marketing also serves to clarify the doubts and misunderstandings that result after baseless scandals. Most importantly, the fact remains that where a substantive and attractive marketing strategy enables a company to sell products which might not be very promising in terms of their quality and reliability, a poor marketing strategy disables the company from persuading buyers to get hold of even their most versatile, unique and lasting goods.

Marketing and Different Vendors Essay Example for Free

Marketing and Different Vendors Essay Having multi-vendor partnerships has its advantages and disadvantages. In the long run, supporting such a partnership would be difficult to maintain. Here are some of the concerns: * Change: Hardware and software requires constant upgrades to keep up with the technology changes. Changes in systems from multiple vendors can cause integration problems and requires a rigid process of testing and configuration. * Knowledge: IT staff must be well-trained in all the systems of the multi-vendor environment. Without a good IT support, the harder it is to find the source of the problem, and the longer it takes for them to resolve it. * Communication: In-house IT staff may have all the knowledge on the systems in the multi-vendor environment, but sometimes support from the vendors is required. In such cases, a support engineer is required to communicate with other support engineer, and it would be easier if it is done within the organization, but this is not usually the case. . Focusing IT on top line requires bringing in revenue for the company by increasing sales, whereas focusing IT on the bottom line requires bringing the cost down by reducing on operating cost. Focusing IT on the top line is more challenging because IT is not able to control who and when someone will actually buy the products and services. On the other hand, focusing IT on the bottom line can be predictable as there are sets of parameters within he organization that can be controlled, for example, reducing the number of employees. 3. Some ways for IT to bring in revenue is by increasing the number of customers and retaining customers. To increase the number of customers, IT systems such as online marketing tools can help to generate sales leads and increase customer awareness by sending out emails or direct mailers to potential customers. Such tools can help in segmenting customer profiles and evaluate the performance of the marketing campaign.

The causes effects and solutions of domestic violence

The causes effects and solutions of domestic violence Domestic violence happens in three different ways in Vietnam, they are physical, sexual and emotional. Striking information shows that about 58% of women in Vietnam have been through at least one kind of domestic violence in their lifetime (UN 2010). It is obvious that women are prone to suffer from domestic violence than men and home does not seem to be the safe place for many women. About 97% victims of domestic violence is women (Binh 2011). Among three ways are two most common ones, namely physical and sexual violence. Domestic violence is widespread and varies greatly in different regions. 42% of women in the Southeast region have been abused by their husbands (UN 2010). In Ninh Binh, a woman used to be beaten once or twice every week (Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation n.d.). Besides, the variations among regions, the situation is also dissimilar from one ethnic minority to others. The proportion of HMong women who are abused is 8%, and that of Kinh women is 36%. The problem has been worse because of peoples outdated view. Women are still in silence as they think it is a good way to maintain happiness in their family and being women, they need to be tolerant. Men, in addition, suppose that they can do anything since they are the most important people in families. Therefore, men still beat women for unreasonable causes such as lack of money for drinking, losing gamble, etc. 2.2 Violence should not be used to solve family issues Many problems arise during family life; hence, people especially men, sometimes unconsciously apply violence to deal with those problems. This method is completely unnecessary. There are some explanations for this discouragement. Domestic violence has very bad effects on victims (Child Welfare information Gateway n.d.). First of all, it causes health problems or physical injuries. Victims have to put up with normal injuries like scratches and bruises. Seriously, there are fractured bones in some cases, and victims may regularly experience headaches or stomachaches. Accordingly, women are unable to work to earn their living (Marjorie 2010). Secondly, women who are abused possibly suffer psychological problem. For example, many women become particularly angry and depressed; they abuse their own children and drink alcohol to alleviate the physical and emotional pains. Some studies show that victims of domestic violence are more likely to maltreat their children than those who are not abused by their partners (cited on UN 2010). When victims have no alternative, they put an end to their lives by suicide. Battered women commit suicide more often than those who are not battered (Marjorie 2010). That is completely a tragedy. However, women are not the only ones who suffer from the consequences of domestic violence. Children in this family accidentally become victims. These children do not have chance to enjoy their childhood. They have no choice but growing faster than others. While other kid are loved and taken care of by parents, those ones are responsible for doing housework, looking after younger sisters and brothers and thirsty for love. Moreover, their studying at school will also be affected. When children must do too many works and do not have enough time to sleep, they will fall asleep in class. Therefore, they can not understand the lessons and be blamed for being lazy and even some children drop out of school (Rebecca 2011). Gary Direnfeld (n.d.) indicates that children witnessing domestic violence seem to use violence as a way to gain what they need and want. Boys tend to get things they want by this way, so they do not have chance to improve skills like discussing and making dialogue to do. On the other hand, girls accept violence, and consider it a normal phenomenon. Besides, boys tend to bully and intimidate while girls are likely to exclude somebody and talk behind him or her. Another effect is that children become more aggressive and show violent actions (Rebecca 2011). It is because these children can not expose their feelings at home. If they have chances to express, they are possibly hit, spanked and punched. Children, at that time, are like a pressure cooker waiting to let out the steam (Rebecca 2011). Last but not least, domestic violence has bad influences on kids as they grow up. It is clear that parents are the first models in a childs life. If children are exposed to verbal abuse such as throwing, damaging furniture, slapping, kicking and insulting words everyday, what will happen? Certainly, there will be effects in the future life. In adult life, men witnessing domestic violence in childhood are more likely to abuse their wives than those who did not wit ness as children. Likewise, women who were exposed to violence in family when being small seem to be more tolerant towards violence from their counterparts. Some people still maintain that violence helps them tackle with improper behaviors of women; for example, they spend too much time glancing themselves at the mirror, do not cook the meal, take care of their families and talk back to the husbands. However, there are other ways to improve the situation instead of slapping or beating their women. Husbands can explain to the wives or give them a small gift and talk with them about happiness in their families. Moreover, domestic violence can lead to break-up in a family. According to Gender and Development Reseach Institute, 49.7% of families are broken up because of family violence (cited on Binh 2011). Also, it has no good effects on their children when they grow up. 2.3 Recent solutions to domestic violence Using violence in families is by no means humane and tolerable so it is necessary to find the solutions as soon as possible. However, in the face of this problem, both Vietnamese government and citizens must join hands to relieve the consequences of domestic violence in daily life. In term of the government, the very first thing they need to do is to educate their people. They should emphasize that domestic violence is not anyone elses problem; it is social so that people realize the seriousness of this matter. They also ought to explain clearly what domestic violence is, how it influences peoples lives and family tie. In addition, schools and healthcare centers need participate in this champagne. They can organize a meeting to talk about violence; hence, peoples awareness are raised at an early stage of their psychological development (Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation ). In the long term, the government needs to put more efforts into eradicating poverty. It is important to teach people some kinds of jobs and lend citizens money with a low rate of interest so that they can earn their living. Moreover, it is necessary that each individual has a notion of reducing violence in their families. First, people should remain good relationship with intimate partners. Familys atmosphere must be comfortable, happy and peaceful so that house will be the most wanted place for everyone. When there is something wrong in family, the husband or the wife must know how to behave in order to calm down the other. Silence when in need is encouraged. Another solution is that women should understand more about domestic violence to protect themselves while it occurs. If women are abused, they should not keep silence. Authorities need to know this so that they can intervene and find the answers. Parents have to be aware that domestic violence has negative effects on their children and it is essential to respect the intimate partners.

The Business Event Management

The Business Event Management Welcome to the future of Music Event Management. We help in organizing our different Music events with affordable festival. We plan our events base on the purpose of music like music festival. Our music event management services include a complete process of budgeting, event dates, selecting and reserving the event venue, coordinating transportation and parking, developing a theme or motive for the event, arrangement of speakers, decoration of site, catering services, event support and security. We along with our expert teams sit down and make decisions for the betterment of our clients and try to provide an excellent service according to the customers demands. 1.0 Introduction Today, events are central perhaps never before. Increased leisure time and discretionary spending have led to proliferation of public events, celebration and entertainment. Governments now support and promote events as well as parts of their strategies for economic development, nation building and destination marketing. Corporation and business embrace events as key elements in their marketing strategies and image promotion. The enthusiasm of community groups and individuals for their own interest and passion gives rise to a marvelous array of events on almost every subject and theme imaginable. Events spill out of newspapers and television screens, occupy much of our time and enrich our lives. Source: Special eventsGreat Britain-Management,  Elsevier/Butterworth Heinemann. 2006. 1.1 Define of Event Management Event management is the process by which an event is planned, prepared, and produced. As with any other form of management, it encompasses the assessment, definition, acquisition, allocation, direction, control, and analysis of time, finances, people, products, services, and other resources to achieve objectives. An event managers job is to oversee and arrange every aspect of an event, including researching, planning, organizing, implementing, controlling, and evaluating an events design, activities, and production. The festival was traditionally a time of celebration and recuperation which often followed a period of hard psychical labor, showing or harvesting of crops, for example. The essential feature of these festivals was the celebration or reaffirmation of community or culture. The artistic content of such events was variable and many had religious or ritualistic aspects, but music dance and drama was important feature of the celebration. Source: (The policy of study institute 1992) 2.0 Importance of Planning and administering in event management Event planners design, organize and coordinate conventions, conferences, corporate meetings, exhibitions, etc. In fact, there are thousands of events of every scale that need an event planners services. Somebody is always needed to oversee all the details and to ensure that the event happens, successfully. Event planners are responsible for every aspect, from marketing, catering, signage, displays, translation, audio-visual equipment, printing and security. They also take care of participants accommodations and transport. They are responsible for the financial side: setting and monitoring the overall budget for the venture. Political and Union events. Conferences and conventions. Trade shows. Company socials. Meetings. New product launches. Charity fundraisers. Grand openings. Festivals. Parties. Event management and planning is a career that offers excitement and a degree of glamour in return for hard work, a large amount of energy and flexibility, and a high level of organizational and logistical skills. 3.0 The Role of Music Festival Manager An event management professional is responsible for almost every aspect of event, from planning an event to the execution or conducting the event. An event management professional has to take care many operations and processes to organize an event and make it successful which generally include Planning the event, Venue selection for the event, Logistics, Design, Decoration, Negotiation, Media planning, Budgeting for the event, Marketing the event, Ticket sales, Customer service, Managing people, Catering, Hospitality, Time management and Problem solving. The Music Event Manager is the one essential position for any event committee organizing an event. The Music Event Manager is responsible for: à ¢-  The smooth running and coordination of the event. à ¢-  The inclusive and welcoming nature of the event for all. à ¢-  Ensuring that the event complies with all relevant Federal and State laws and local government policies and regulations. à ¢-  Ensuring that all forms are filled out and details lodged with the relevant authority. à ¢-  Ensuring that appropriate permission is received before the event goes ahead. à ¢-  Recording details of invitees and attendees. à ¢-  Ensuring that thank yours are sent to those who have helped in arranging or sponsoring à ¢-  The event and to any special guests. à ¢-  Advertising the event. à ¢-  Budget forecasting and financial control. Event Planning Role of Music event manager starts with planning the event. Event manager has to sit with client to plant the event, in which an event manager comes to know the purpose of the event, type of event, number of attendees, facilities required for the event and the timeline of the event. Budgeting Budgeting immediately comes after the planning of event. Every client has his own budget for the event. A Music event manager has to plan and organize the event within the budget. Every activity after planning the event will depend on clients budget, whether it is venue, food, decoration and gifts or any other part of the event. Venue Selection for the event Once the purpose of event, number of attendees, required facilities and timeline of the event decided, then the venue selection and venue booking comes in the focus. Every venue is not suitable for all kinds of events. Venue selection depends on purpose of event or type of event (i.e. venue for wedding could not same as for the venue of brand promotion or product launch), number of attendees and many other criteria. Good venue selection makes a deep impact on event. Logistics Administering the logistics for an event means planning, booking, outsourcing and monitoring many parts of the event with the help of team. Decoration, kind of furniture required, number of general furniture items (i.e. chairs for attendees), number of special furniture items (i.e. podium for speaker), water, electricity, sound, light, photography and video, menu planning, catering services, lodging and transportation of special guests or chief guests of the event, selection and packaging of return gifts (in many events) and many other activities are included in administering the logistics for an event. Many times, the client preferred theme party. In this case, a Music event manager has to arrange and monitor some additional logistics. Advertising and Media Planning Advertising and media planning are required for many social events (i.e. musical night of renowned singer) and corporate events (i.e. product launch). For many other events, ticket selling is also required (i.e. sports events, movie premiers). A Music event manager has to plan and execute all these activities also. 4.0 Why an action plan is necessary for music festival This stage is to start formulating a Music Action Plan. To be clear, the Music Action Plan is a live management tool that details key project milestones and activity against a timeline it should be continually reviewed and updated as the music planning and operations progress. The music Plan, on the other hand, is a strategic vision and planning document which outlines the event objectives, states the business case and gives financial projections and information over a given time period (often 3-5 years). The Music Plan should be reviewed at key stages as agreed by event partners (most likely at the beginning of each planning stage). It is important to commit our thoughts to paper. This is essential in order to help our understand and share what has to be done, when and by whom. Its also a requirement if we are looking to convince others to invest in our event. Putting together the Music Event Action Plan is a straightforward task that involves listing key activities against a timeline and stating who will be responsible for delivering each element. Critically, it will help us to ensure we have enough time to complete all necessary tasks and help all involved understand their responsibilities. Key activities listed in our Music Event Action Plan may include: > Writing/updating the Music Plan > Identifying event partners and supporters > Recruitment and training > Fundraising activity and deadlines > Budgeting milestones > Key meetings i.e. steering group or sub-committee meetings > Confirming venue(s) > Booking or commissioning program elements > Pre-production/production milestones > Implementing the Marketing Strategy > Live event > Monitoring, evaluation reporting . Use team meetings to update the plan and then make sure that all revisions are circulated to those who are working from the plan. Depending on the size and complexity of our event, we may have separate, more detailed Action Plans for different work areas or departments. For example, we may have one for marketing, one for production, one for fundraising, etc. Its a useful approach to be able to show the entire activity timeline and also to be able to break it down into departments. We may have project management software to help put us together our plan, but if not, a simple activity/month table is useful. Below is a basic template that we could easily replicate in Microsoft Word or similar packages. We have included some sample entries to get us started. As appropriate, we can expand our Action Plan by providing the necessary detail. The point is that it has got to work for us and our event. This chart may be identified why is it necessary for our event. Development of Music concept or event bid Feasibility Study Cost and benefit of events Events resource and infrastructure requirements Decision to chease Decision to proceed with new event Established of organization structure Conduct situation of analysis Creation of control system Development of evaluation of feedback process Source adapted from Getz (2005) Techniques that can be used to monitor progress in music festival The Event Managers role includes ensuring that the music event runs smoothly. A key role is to communicate with all officials and volunteers to ensure that their tasks are being carried out. Always check off the time-line of tasks and duties before and during the event. As tasks are interrelated, it is essential that they are completed in the time planned so as to keep the whole process on track. It is the Music Event managers responsibility to ensure this is done. It is good practice to set regular meeting dates and times for the various individuals and subcommittees to report. Keep minutes and records of all meetings and follow-up on tasks between meetings. These records will be used for monitoring and coordination as well as for the final evaluation, event reporting and input to planning for future music events. Computer programs or work flow charts for project planning and management are also useful for music event monitoring and record keeping. Continuous monitoring is essential for successful events and provides early warning if things begin to deviate from the plan. The earlier any deviations are noticed, the greater the chance of dealing with the situation before major reorganization is required. The more slack time between critical tasks, the more options for adjustment. If the plan needs adjusting because of over-runs of time or resources, the main options open to the Event Manager and the event committee are to: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ find additional resources (eg recruit additional volunteers or seek more funds) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ reassign resources to shorten critical tasks (eg move volunteers or finance from one task area to another) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ reduce costs and/or reschedule key tasks (eg drop non-critical tasks or move non-critical tasks to another time). 5.0 The importance of monitoring or evaluating each stage of planning cycle in music festival The music planning process is an ongoing cycle that incorporates a series of different stages. The outcomes of one stage may change the next stage of the plan. One way of thinking about the stages involved in the planning cycle is: Assessing the context- What need to be done? Detailed planning-who, what, where Monitoring and evaluation Agreeing the outcomes What difference do we want to make Agreeing action How will we go about making difference Setting indicators how we will know we made a difference Each stage feeds into the next, making planning an ongoing activity which is closely linked to evaluation. Planning with communities needs to build upon where the community is now, taking time to identify strengths, opportunities and priorities, and it needs to go at a pace that suits the community. Sometimes earlier stages of the planning cycle will need to be revisited and adapted based on the changing context. 6.0 The importance of time management in music festival Time is one of the most important factors in life. Once time goes it never comes again. Once a thing is done it is done it cannot be changes. One cant go into the history nor change it. Time is as important as money one should spend it carefully. Here are some of the reasons why time management is so important for music festival. 1 Time is limited Time is limited one cannot store or save time. In during the period everything is to finish in music festival. 2. Too many things to do Time is limited but the things to be done are many. One need to maintain a proper schedule and choose the right time for the right activity. Time management helps to choose the things to be done. Time management helps to manage more time to do the things which are more valuable and important to do in music festival. 3. Time management helps to finish the different task in less amount of time- Time management allows to allot good amount of time to different things and get the different things done. By using time management one can plan and organise his activities properly in music festival. 4. Make us conscious about time Time management makes us conscious of the time we have and the different things we have to do in the available time. By being conscious about the available time one used the time more carefully in music festival. 5. Change music festival activities Time management changes music festival activities. People like different music to different symphony by time management. Now music festival has arranged all in one activities. Time management is very important in music festival because all the festival activities has to finish during the festival period. 7.0 Methods Used to Evaluate Success of Music Festival Radio advertising should be predominant for the repositioning- our target audience are large radio listeners, and respond well to this media. Internet the target audience very technologically aware and a viral e-mail campaign with a well developed, interactive, website is essential to increase awareness. In addition we should have a campaign through printed media- there are many specialist magazine aim at the target audience and we should use these to promote sales. (See below) Music festival Manager such as posters should also be used and Sales promotion Sponsorship and PR 8.0 Conclusion Manager is there to work in event. It is all about planning, planning and more planning. It is more significance on the company festival manager. It is necessary to change new horizon of music festival. Because people needs new quality of music festival. We can say for arranging any company follow our music festival and also important to develop organizer activities. This is important for company festival manager to change new horizon and creativity in new path of organization. An event manger organizes all the festival activities and preparing event atmosphere in his decision.

Gothic Arches Versus Romanesque Arches Essay -- Architecture

Thesis, Argument Outline, and Evidence In the late 12th century the Romanesque period of style morphed into the Gothic period of style. The Romanesque period was characterized by the following: thick walls, barrel/round arches, supporting groin vaults, and thick buttresses (Calkins 1998, 110). The Gothic period was characterized by the following: thin walls, pointed arches, stained glass, and flying buttresses (Icher 1998, 20-30). During the early medieval years, the use of thick walls in building a church or cathedral was not only to create a stable monumental building but to help protect the building during wars or battles. Building thick stone walls also helped protect the building from â€Å"incendiarism† which tended to happen frequently when older wooden churches were under attack (Fitchen 1981, 42-6). The seemingly smooth transition between the two periods can easily be seen with the change of using barrel arches to using pointed arches in cathedral architecture. By transitioning from barrel arches to point ed arches, cathedral builders were able to create greater support for cathedral roofs while conserving stone, reducing the sizes of buttresses and walls, and they also created a new meaning to what churches symbolized. The main argument, for the thesis above, is how with the use of pointed arches contributed to the downsizing use of stone in other sections of cathedral construction. The use of barrel arches in the past cathedral construction restricted the height limitations of the cathedral due to the height and width ratio of the barrel archway. But pointed archways increased the spectrum of height and width variations because of the design of the pointed arch itself. The flexibility of the pointed arch can be attributed... ... what cathedrals symbolize. With supporting evidence from the discipline of geometry and examples from cathedrals, such as Saint Denis and the Beauvis Cathedral; the use and development of the pointed arch has forever transformed the architectural landscape of medieval Europe. Works Cited Anderson, William. The Rise of the Gothic. New Hampshire: Salem House Publishers, 1985. Calkins, Robert G. Medieval Architecture in Western Europe: from A.D. 300 to 1500. New York: Oxford University Press, USA, 1998. Fitchen, John. The Construction of Gothic Cathedrals: a Study of Medieval Vault Erection. Phoenix ed. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press, 1981. Hiscock, Nigel. The Wise Master Builder: Platonic Geometry in Plans of Medieval Abbeys and Cathedrals. Chicago: Ashgate Pub Ltd, 2000. Icher, Franà §ois. Building the Great Cathedrals. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1998.

Comparison of Raskolnikov and Svidrigailov in Crime and Punishment Essa

Comparison of Raskolnikov and Svidrigailov in Crime and Punishment In his book Crime and Punishment, Dostoevsky explores the paths of two men, Raskolnikov and Svidrigailov. These two men encompass many similar problems and obstacles throughout their lives. Both commit murders and are faced with the long and mentally excruciating journey of seeking redemption. They also share many characteristics of their personalities. The reason that the outcomes of their lives are so drastically different is due to the fact that they have completely different perspectives on life. Raskolnikov is obsessed with his â€Å"superman theory†. He is constantly trying to prove that he is part of the 10% of extraordinary people in the world. He wants to become an eminent figure such as Napoleon. At first he believed that the murders he committed would make him part of this elite class. Once he realized that he had made mistakes during the crime he began to question his theory. After much frustration he decided to go to the scene of the crime. This gave him a rush that made him feel invincible. He believed that this would prove if, or if not he was â€Å"super†. Once he realized that he wasn’t part of this class, he suffered a mental breakdown. This pushed him to confess his crime to Sonya. She helped him rationalize his crime and admit his guilt. The outcome of this conversation was that it helped him admit his fate. Svidrigailov contains many similar traits of that of a â€Å"superman†. Due to his egoc...

Impact of Society in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman Essay

Impact of Society in Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman      Ã‚  Ã‚   Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman examines outside influences on the individual.   These influences include society as a whole, the family as a societal unit and beliefs which the individual thinks he should espouse. In order to understand Willy Loman and the struggles with which he is dealing, the society in which he exists must first be understood.   He is relying upon a slightly different set of values and motivations than everyone else seems to be, and this sets him apart.   A prime example of the rest of society is Willy’s brother, Ben. In sociological terms, Ben is a classic representative of the old, 19th century middle class, while Willy represents the new, dependent, salaried, pathetically other-directed middle class.   Ben’s character is clearly inner-directed†¦ While Willy stresses the importance of personality, of being ‘well-liked’ and acceptable to the world, of pleasing others, while insisting on proper form, dress, manner, and style, Ben ignores all of this.   (Martin 56) Willy is looking to the rest of society for guidance, to see how he needs to act in order to be successful by their terms.   Yet he cannot fully let go of the belief that his way of trying to â€Å"please all of the people all of the time† is right. Society is made up of people like Ben who are focused on getting ahead.   It is an industrial society which is quickly expanding; people have to move quickly to stay on top.   They do not have time for the old ways anymore.   Willy has been working for many years, but he has not been able to keep up.   Ultimately, this is why he is let go from his job.   His boss, Howard explains it to him. Howard: I don’t want you to represent us.   I’ve ... ...4) While there is some disagreement as to what the effect of Willy’s actions ultimately will be on Biff after the curtain goes down, it is clear that Willy’s behavior destroyed the family unit as the Loman’s knew it and destroyed Willy as well.   The play does, however, end with the focus on the remaining member of the Loman family.   They are still a societal unit, and they must continue to live in the material modern world as best they can. Works Cited Baym, Franklin, Gottesman, Holland, et al., eds.   The Norton Anthology of American Literature.   4th ed.   New York: Norton, 1994. Costello, Donald P. â€Å"Arthur Miller’s Circles of Responsibility: A View From a Bridgeand Beyond.† Modern Drama. 36 (1993): 443-453. Martin, Robert A., ed. Arthur Miller.   Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982. ---.   Eight Plays.   New York:   Nelson Doubleday, 1981.

Criminal Law Intoxication Essay

For hundreds of years, it has been assumed that individuals behave more aggressively while under the influence of alcohol. Alcohol related crimes cost the UK taxpayer  £1.8 billion on average per year . However, society has taken an ambivalent attitude towards intoxication. Alcohol consumption is generally depicted as a puritanical moral barrier used to escape pain and the harsh realities of life. Intoxication can conversely be portrayed as a sign of weakness, impeding human reasoning leading individuals to behave in an unacceptable manner. Does this lack of consistency in society’s opinion reflect the clarity of the law as regards to when intoxication can be a defence? Drunkenness was a crime punishable by imprisonment in the form of stocks or a fine from 1607 to 1828. The law in this area concentrates on whether the accused who committed the prohibited act, has the necessary mens rea due to voluntary or involuntary intoxication. There are two extreme approaches that the law could follow on intoxication; the strict subjective theory emphasizes the defendant lacked the required mens rea and supports the idea of absolute acquittal from liability. The absolutist policy theory highlights the importance of public protection and endorses punishment. This arena consisting of the two aforementioned principles have created a tangled web that leaves numerous questions unanswered. The law has tried to achieve an intermediate compromise, rejecting both theorems in favor of adopting different strategies for each criminal offence. An initial distinction has to be drawn between being drunk and being intoxicated. It was expressed in R v Sheehan and Moore that ‘a drunken intent is nevertheless an intent.’ A drunken individual would not be able to use the defence of intoxication, as he is still capable of forming the necessary mens rea. The case of R v Stubbs stated that intoxication needed to be ‘very extreme’ as it is impossible to form the mens rea due to the effect of copious amounts of alcohol. This essay will investigate the situations when intoxication can be used as a defence, analyzing the decision in R v Majewski and its impact on the specific and basic intent dichotomy. The Law Commission has taken a ‘stripped-down approach’ attempting to codify the main principles of the common law regarding voluntary and involuntary intoxication. There is an opinion that ‘there is much in the Report to commend it’ but others have drawn attention to the production of ‘head scratching provisions’ leading some to question whether intoxication should be called a defence at all. The Scottish Law Commission have recognized the difficulty in reforming the law and have stated ‘intoxication as a complete defence in all circumstances would be extremely serious.’ To what extent is intoxication used as a defence in criminal law and should the legal boundaries be clearer? Voluntary Intoxication Voluntary intoxication is defined in the Butler Committee Report as ‘the intentional taking of drink or a drug knowing that it is capable in sufficient quantity of having an intoxicating effect.’ In reality, the law does not support the stringency of this explanation. The main rationale is that the intoxicant must be able to impair the defendant’s rationality and human reasoning abilities. In the case of R v Hardie, the question of whether valium could be classed as an intoxicant arose. The defence was that the valium was only administered for relaxant purposes and according to Lord Parker, ‘there was no evidence that it was known that the appellant could render a person aggressive.’ Does this mean the court has to decide whether a substance is an intoxicant individually for each case? The Law Commission believes this approach is overall inadequate. The law in England and Wales presumes that intoxication is voluntary unless evidence is produced that allows the court or jury to conclude that it was involuntary. Recent government proposals refrain from attaching a definition to ‘voluntary intoxication,’ preventing the creation of a narrow approach developing. Consequently, voluntary intoxication is not a defence in the law but it can become a mitigating factor and be considered as a â€Å"partial excuse† reducing the echelon of criminal liability. This area has caused serious problems in English criminal law, as it is fraught with ambiguity and uncertainty. How should the law decide the effect voluntary intoxication has on the defendant’s liability? The effect of voluntary intoxication on the mens rea of criminal acts is often comprised of the defendant foreseeing the consequences or intending their occurrence. The strict subjective theory emphasizes that intoxication will always be relevant to the outcome of the case but the absolutist policy theory allows the possibility to escape liability completely. Each theorem supports contrasting trains of thought and makes the options for reform more unenviable and unclear. In an attempt to reach a ‘compromise’ and stabilize the theoretical problems and public policy issues involved, the law has categorized criminal offences into two groups; specific and basic intent offences. Despite the broad scope for divergence, the Law Commission has approved the common law’s implementation of this â€Å"midway course† distinction. Specific and Basic Intent Dichotomy ‘All people have the right to a family, community and working life protected from accidents, violence and other negative consequences of alcohol consumption.’ The essence of the law in England and Wales is not dissimilar to this aim in that intoxication can provide a defence to crimes that are of specific intent, but not to those that are of basic intent. The House of Lords in the leading case of Majewski depicted this approach, which has been dubbed a ‘dichotomy.’ They declared it must be proved in specific offences that the defendant lacked the necessary mens rea at the time of the offence. It is for the prosecution to establish the actual intent of the defendant, taking into account the fact that he was intoxicated. In crimes of basic intent, the actuality that intoxication was self-induced provides the necessary mens rea. The original distinction between crimes of specific and basic intent initially appeared to be clear: the courts did not want a defenda nt to escape liability for his crimes caused during his intoxication. In practice, the distinction is difficult to ascertain and has created incongruity in the law. The courts also desired the dichotomy to be flexible allowing partial defences and mitigation in some cases. Simester argues this similarity is ill founded, as ‘intoxication is a doctrine of inculpation†¦and work in opposite directions.’ Simester’s view regarding the dichotomy is persuasive but I believe clarification is needed before the law can be deemed acceptable. Lord Simon developed another analysis where ‘the prosecution must in general prove that the purpose for the commission of the act extends to the intent expressed or implied in the definition of the crime.’ Another approach put forward was the ‘ulterior intent test,’ which was more widely accepted. This supports the idea that in specific intent crimes, the mens rea extends beyond the actus reus and in basic intent crimes, the mens rea goes no further than the constituents in the actus reus. However, the most prevalent explanation, the â€Å"recklessness test,† which was given by Lord Elwyn-Jones and later approved in the House of Lord’s decision in the case of R v Caldwell. An individual is Caldwell-type reckless if the risk is obvious to an ordinary prudent person who has not given thought to the possibility of there being any such risk, or if the individual has recognized that there is some risk and has nevertheless persisted in his actions. This test states intoxication can only be relevant to crimes that require proof of intention and it is immaterial to crimes that are committed recklessly. Lord Diplock took the objective view that classification of offences into basic or specific intent was irrelevant where â€Å"recklessness† was satisfactory to form the mens rea. However, the distinction between the varying offences is important if the intoxicated person who is charged with an offence of basic intent has thought about a possible risk and wrongly concluded it to be negligible. In this case, there is a lacuna in the â€Å"recklessness test.† The defendant would be acquitted unless convicted under the Majewski ruling on the basis that the actus reus of an offence of basic intent has been committed. Lord Edmund-Davis dissented arguing ‘however grave the crime charged, if recklessness can constitute its mens rea the fact that it was committed in drink can afford no defence.’ Is this too harsh to adhere to the justice proclaimed in the English legal system? The case of R v Heard, the Court of Appeal rejected the recklessness test in favor of the â€Å"purposive intent† and â€Å"ulterior intent† test. The judgment contains vast amounts of ambiguity with the difficulty of ‘fitting an offence into a single pigeon hole.’ The â€Å"recklessness† test was finally confirmed in the 1980 Criminal Law Revision Committee Report and provided an ample explanation for voluntary intoxication. The offence of rape provides a good illustration of the difficulties involved in the â€Å"recklessness† test. The case of R v Fotheringham concerned the rape of a 14-year-old girl by an intoxicated husband who mistakenly underwent sexual intercourse in the belief that the girl was his wife. The offence of rape at that time could be committed recklessly but this has been altered to the principle of ‘reasonable belief.’ The court had to decide whether the defendant had an intention to carry out unlawful sexual intercourse or whether recklessness was sufficient for conviction. Public policy of protection triumphed over the strict subjective theory where intoxication would prevent liability and defined rape as a basic intent offence. The recent case of R v Rowbotham (William) concerning the offences of murder, arson with intent to endanger life and burglary were invalidated where defence expert evidence showed the defendant’s mental abnormalities combined with extreme intoxication had prevented him from forming the specific intent necessary. This case illustrates the dichotomy is still used by courts today despite aspirations for reform. Involuntary Intoxication The courts have taken a moderate approach to defendants who have become intoxicated through no fault of their own. The most common cases of involuntary intoxication involve intoxication that is unknowingly induced by a third party. The main principle is that a defendant will not be held liable for any crimes they carried out while involuntary intoxicated. Their transparency and lack of knowledge shields their ability to form the necessary mens rea. This is not a â€Å"blanket† rule and there are various requirements as to what satisfies the definition of ‘involuntary intoxication.’ Lord Mustill in R v Kingston described the phenomenon as a ‘temporary change in the mentality or personality of the respondent, which lowered his ability to resist temptation so far that his desires overrode his ability to control them.’ He declared the Court of appeal supported the view that protection flows from the ‘general principles’ of the criminal law, b ut what exactly does the term â€Å"general† entail? The first criterion is that the defendant cannot claim they are involuntarily intoxicated if they were misinformed about the description or specific alcohol content. This is illustrated in R v Allen where a man was convicted of indecently assaulting his neighbour even though he had no knowledge of the high alcohol content of the home made wine that he was drank at home having returned from the pub. The second criterion imposed by the courts is that the defendant must have been intoxicated to the point where it would be impossible to form the mens rea to commit the crime. The case of R v Beard created the rationale that there is no remedy if an individual’s inhibitions are lost due to involuntary intoxication. This case was more complex as it involved succession of acts; the defendant whilst intoxicated, raped a 13-year-old girl, placed his hand on her mouth to stop her from screaming, and thus suffocating her resulting in her death. The trial judge at first instance erred in a pplying the test of insanity to a case of intoxication, which did not amount to insanity. Has the ambiguity in this case been eradicated? A recent paradigm of involuntary intoxication can be seen in the Kingston case involving a situation where a 15-year-old boy was drugged and indecently assaulted after the defendant’s drink was spiked. The trial judge directed the jury to convict if they found that the defendant had assaulted the boy pursuant to an intent resulting from the influence of the intoxication. The Court of Appeal upheld the appeal on the basis that it was the defendant’s ‘operative fault.’ Smith has depicted this outcome as ‘surprising, dangerous and contrary to principle.’ The opinion of the House of Lords, who took a narrow view of blame, was Smith’s preferred alternative but others favor the creation of a new common law defence determined by character assessment. Sullivan has described this as comparing the defendant’s â€Å"settled† character with their â€Å"intoxicated† character. If the character is ‘destabilized, he should have an excuse.’ Should the blame not be directed at the 3rd party instead of the defendant though? This method creates a schism between the relevant blame and moral fault. As a consequence, mens rea is being given a more normative meaning negating its cognitive counterpart. However, the Commission is adamant to reject the creation of a new approach and wishes to give statutory effect to the decision in Kingston. They believe that ‘there should be no defence or reduced inhibitions or blurred perception of morality where the defendant’s condition was caused by involuntary intoxication.’ Only time will tell, if the legal reform bodies will cling to their orthodoxy or embrace change. Dutch courage and diseases of the mind To what extent is alcohol-related crime attributable to those with already dysfunctional lives, with a propensity to problematic behaviors, rather than apparently ‘normal’ people engaging in criminal acts when intoxicated? The union of actus reus and mens rea is known as contemporaneity. It is necessary to establish for a conviction to be successful. However, the Dutch courage rule, where the accused gets into a drunken state after deciding to commit a crime, is an exception to this principle. It was decided in Attorney General for Northern Ireland v Gallagher that the accused would be liable for the crime even though they were too drunk to satisfy the required mental element. Lord Denning declared ‘the wickedness of his mind before he got drunk is enough to condemn him.’ Although, it has been recognized that ‘it is almost inconceivable that the case envisaged could ever arise.’ The sale and consumption of alcohol are legal so should we accept t he consequences of diminished responsibility as a cause of criminal activities if perpetrated whilst under the influence? There has been more discussion surrounding the affiliation between alcohol and diseases of the mind. The case of R v Dietschmann concerned a defendant who was intoxicated at the time of the killing that suffered from a mental abnormality due to a recent bereavement. Lord Hutton said ‘drink cannot be taken into account as something which contributed to his mental abnormality.’ The main principle is that drunken defendants are not excluded from pleading diminished responsibility or insanity if they suffer from mental abnormalities. Ashworth believes the task of the jury to decide whether the mental abnormality affected the mens rea is ‘fearsomely difficult.’ Medical experts to some extent aid the task of the jury but the margin for error is significant as the effect of drink and drugs is unique to every individual. It has also been argued that there could potentially be a genetic predisposition to alcoholism but the scope of this is unknown. Tolmie’s conceptualizations of the ‘disease model’ and the ‘habit model’ are eccentric and provide light recovery from psychoanalytic evaluations. I particularly enjoy the fact that she has highlighted the importance of ‘normal human processes†¦and bad choices,’ which are often overlooked. She concentrates on the need for treatment for defendants and does not fall into the trap of defining intoxication as an express defence. The current position of the law in this area is unfair as it deforms other doctrines, supports unprincipled sentencing and punishes some defendants far more than they deserve. Adoption of a generic, doctrinal mitigating excuse of â€Å"partial responsibility† with application to all crimes would solve these problems. This alternative option would function in a similar manner to the ‘not proven’ verdict used in Scotland. In the end, to provide blame and punishment reduction based on fair respon sibility ascription will not support a denial of responsibility. Reform Certain statutes expressly state that a defendant has a defence if they possess particular beliefs. Does this apply where a belief is acquired through intoxication? There is only one type of case where an intoxicated belief can be used as a â€Å"defence.† In the case of Jaggard v Dickinson, the defendant appealed against a conviction of reckless criminal damage to property. The accused, owing to voluntary intoxication, mistakenly but honestly believed that she was damaging the property of a friend and that they would have consented to her doing so. A major anomaly in the law is found when the approach taken in Jaggard is contrasted with that taken in Majewski where the Criminal Justice Act 1967 was not relied upon. Wells has commented that ‘it is difficult to see how†¦the sections perform any different function.’ The area surrounding drunken mistakes is just one theme encircled with uncertainty. There has been much discussion of reform regarding the position of intoxication in the law. The concepts of basic and specific intent are ambiguous, confusing and misleading. The Law Commission has created a proposal to abandon them but the substance of the distinction has been retained. The main question regarding the specific and basic intent dichotomy is the affect it has on the voluntary intoxicated defendant’s liability. The blameworthiness of the defendant is expressed by an evaluation of criminal liability. An enlightened system of criminal justice should respond differently to ‘common criminals’ and voluntary intoxicated defendants. If a man commits mischief when intoxicated, should society take steps in the framework of the criminal law to prevent him? Judicial insistence upon the requirement of mens rea might remove the problem of antisocial drinking but alternatives will not develop if the courts allow these problems to be thrust upon them. The Majewski decision has been criticized as it allows conviction for causing harm where mens rea has not been formed. This is even the case where a defendant is convicted of a basic intent offence instead of a stricter specific intent offence. The House of Lords decision acknowledged the principle of allowing intoxication to be adduced to show that the mens rea for specific intent offences did not exist. They were persuaded by policy objectives to convict of basic intent offences despite the intoxication. This â€Å"midway course† is acceptable on policy grounds but it fails to accord with the basic principles of justice in the criminal law. Is this a clear and logical compromise? The idea to secure conviction for serious offences without satisfying the criteria of mens rea is conjured. This conflicts with the burden of proof, which is placed on the prosecution. This means the fictitious objective â€Å"recklessness† test allows conviction of offences, which require proof of subjective â€Å"recklessness.† The current rationale of the law is that the subjective reckless involved in becoming intoxicated is the moral equivalent of the subjective recklessness usually required for liability. A further criticism is that â€Å"recklessness† relates to the risk of becoming intoxicated and not to the risk of specific harm being caused. As a result, the liability for the harm caused whilst intoxicated goes against the principle of contemporaneity and is constructive, which is contrary to the trend of current law reform. The English law reform bodies have created proposals to replace Majewski with a separate offence of intoxication. This separate offence would remove the possibility of a complete acquittal, which is available in specific intent crimes. A disadvantage to the proposal would be the construction of a â€Å"status† offence with no mens rea involved. This contrasts with previous social policy illustrated in the case of Reniger v Fogossa where a drunken killer was hanged to death to protect human life. However, the Criminal Law Revision Committee rejected the idea of a new offence of intoxication and instead suggested the codification of the law, whilst approving the â€Å"reckless test.† Authors such as Jeremy Horder, who depicted the Law Commission’s efforts as making ‘little effort to discern any deeper principles underlying the common law’, have criticized the Law Commission attempts at clarifying the law. The reform bodies now intend to amend their previous proposals and return ‘to the subject with a stripped down approach.’ Conclusion Why is it taking an unbounded amount of time to evaluate reform of the law on intoxication when 61% of the population perceives alcohol-related violence as worsening? The bare components of the law on intoxication are complex but the added series of exceptions that the Law Commission have proposed to introduce, in my opinion, will undermine the principle of justice in England and Wales. The common law has found a reasonable balance between the subjective and absolutist theories but the ‘midway course’ of specific and basic intent is not satisfactory. The dichotomy requires the courts to evaluate individual criminal acts on their merits putting them into a category of specific or basic intent, which squanders the court’s time and thus, decreases the overall inefficiency of the legal system. Child’s innovative approach involving the correlation with subjective recklessness is an alternative to the recent reform proposals. He declares intoxication will constitute fault only where the burden is replaced by subjective reasonableness and if the defendant would have foreseen the risk if sober. The ‘midway course’ is preserved but in a clear and logical manner without a list of exceptions. However, I disagree with Child’s interpretation of intoxication as the equivalent to recklessness. I believe more research needs to be given to determine the extent of their connection and ultimately decide whether they are analogous or mutually exclusive. Ultimately, liability is ascertained by the intention element but how can this truly be deduced when automatons are intoxicated? Lady Justice Hallett in the recent case of R v Janusz Czajczynsk commented that ‘drinking to excess and taking drugs seems to us to be something of a two edged sword.’ It is tempting to view the defence of intoxication as denying a defendant ‘a valueless opportunity to exculpate himself by pleading his own discreditable conduct in getting drunk.’ However, it is impossible to accurately determine an individual’s thoughts at a precise moment and draw a line where a defendant’s account matches the truth. Simester suggests the intoxication doctrine is reversed to benefit prosecution, becoming constructive liability instead of a defence. I believe there is some accuracy in this initiative but it fails to address the main problem regarding the mental state of the accused. Should there be a common law or statutory defence of intoxication expressly declared? The courts and the Law Commission know the law is not clear and desire to reform the law only after exploring every open avenue. The Law Commission has rightly prioritized consistency, precision and simplicity in their Reports but ‘another round of re-evaluation’ is definitely needed before a firm conclusion can be established. We can only hope that time does run out, allowing the reform debate to finish sooner rather than later.

Assess the View That Conscience Need Not Always Be Obeyed

â€Å"Asses the view that the conscience need not always be obeyed† (35 marks) Conscience is the inner conviction that something is right or wrong. In a religious discussion, it may be thought of as the ‘voice of God’, speaking within the individual, and even as a direct revelation from God. John Newman defines the conscience as â€Å"the voice of God†, a principle planted within us, before we have had any training, although training and experience are necessary for its strength, growth, and due formation that is an â€Å"internal witness for both the existence and the law of God†.Newman shows how the light of conscience, active in every human heart, finds fulfillment not in subjectivity and in the communion of the Catholic Church. Newman’s view was that it is often said that second thoughts are best. So they are in matters of judgment but not in matters of conscience. Aquinas saw the conscience as the natural ability of a rational human being to understand the difference between right and wrong, and to apply the most basic moral principles to particular situations.Aquinas thought that there would be problems with people following their own moral sense, which lead him to natural moral law (NML). He thought that everyone should follow NML because they are moral laws found in nature (e. g. sex for procreation). He thought that the conscience was the intellectual part of you because you work out what to do using natural reasoning. Without following NML, people might have distorted judgments from their passions, ignorance and society and therefore different views on right and wrong.Therefore although he says that it is always right to follow one’s conscience, he does recognise that people may still get things wrong, through ignorance or making a mistake. Therefore Aquinas would not say that conscience should always be obeyed because a person may not be aware of the relevant moral principle. In order for conscience to work, a person needs to have some background information about what is considered right and wrong. The idea of conscience is used as a tool for applying already accepted moral principles.Aquinas considers conscience to be the means that individuals use to apply the general moral principle that they hold. Aquinas believed that it is always right to follow your conscience when you apply the right moral principles to each individual situation to the best of your ability. It does not mean that by following you conscience that you will always be right, if your principles are wrong then your conscience will lead you astray. Aquinas was overall saying that the conscience can be wrong if the reasoning through was wrong.In contrast, Copleston makes the important point that for most people the emotions rather than reason provide the starting point for moral choice. Joseph Butler viewed the conscience differently by believing that the conscious was a way of guarding or controlling influence ov er the different aspects of human nature. Butler argued that there were two different aspects to human beings; one being the passions and appetites, including the affections people have and also that there are more thoughtful aspects of benevolence towards others and conscience, as well as self-love.Butler argued that these various parts were ordered in hierarchy, that there are situations where the conscience, being superior in the hierarchy, is able to over-rule the promptings of the appetites of affection. For Butler, the moral life was a matter of getting the hierarchy ordered in the right way. In this hierarchy, conscience comes at the top, because it has the additional role of sorting out the conflicting claims of self-love and benevolence and that the balance is crucial for making moral decisions.In some ways, Butler’s account of the role of conscience is rather like Plato’s view that reason should control appetite. His overall view was that a good person is som eone who has his or her priorities well sorted, with the promptings of conscience ranking highest among them. Newman defines conscience as â€Å"the voice of God†, â€Å"a principle planted within us, before we have had any training, although training and experience are necessary for its strength, growth, and due formation† that is an â€Å"internal witness of both the existence and the law of God. Newman shows how the light of the conscience, active in every human heart, finds fulfillment not in subjectivity and individualism, but in obedience to the teachings of the Pope in the communication of the Catholic Church. He said that is it often that second thoughts are best. So they are in matters of judgment but not matters of conscience. Freud’s two key aspects to his approach were assertion that sexual desire is the prime motivating drive in all humans, and the importance of the unconscious mind.Freud’s theory of the conscience is entirely in conflict wi th all of the positions of Aquinas, Butler, and Newman. He saw the conscience as part of the unconscious mind, and believed that it arose as a result of bad experience in early life as well as disapproval from parents and society. Our human psyche is equated within the ego (our conscious personality) which balances the ‘ID’ (our desires) and the ‘SUPEREGO’ (our guilt). To be ruled by your superego would make you overly judgmental, inflexible, and irrational.Freud would argue against allowing the conscience to have control over our decisions about how we act. Freud believed that the conscience was a concept of the mind that sought to make sense of disorder and deal with the conflict that guilt brings. Freud believed that during our early upbringing we accept certain values and beliefs about morality and society, which may at some stage be rejected by our moral reasoning. However, these early formed values and beliefs still continue to influence our morality through the conscience that seeks to deal with the conflict that the early beliefs and later beliefs bring. ?